Evolution of microprocessors, Architectural advancements of microprocessors, single-chip microcomputers, large and small computers, microprocessor applications

Intel 8085, ALU, timing & control unit, registers, opcode & operands, Instruction cycle: fetch operation; execute operation, machine cycle and state, instruction & data flow. Timing diagram: for op-code fetch cycle, memory read, I/O read, memory write & I/O write, Interrupts in 8085, RST instructions, multiple interrupts and priorities.

Instruction and data formats, Addressing modes, status flags, Classification of instructions: Data transfer group, Arithmetic group, Logical group, Branch, Stack, I/O and Machine control group. Assembly language programs using 8085 instruction set, such as addition, subtraction, shift left, shift right, multiplication, division and involving loops, arrays, subroutines and stacks.

: Types of memory, ROM & its types, RAM & its types, address decoding, interfacing of memories.

: Data transfer schemes: synchronous data transfer, asynchronous data transfer, interrupt driven data transfer, DMA transfer, 8257 DMA controller, programmable interrupt controller (PIC) Intel 8259, programmable peripheral interface (PPI) Intel 8255, programmable interval timer Intel 8253, programmable communication interface Intel 8251.

Introduction, analog to digital Converter (ADC), Interfacing of ADC 0808/0809 and sample and hold to microprocessor 8085, display of decimal numbers and alphanumeric characters, Microprocessor based measurement of Electrical quantities- Frequency, phase angle and power factor, voltage, current. Interfacing of transducers to measure and display the non- electrical quantities such as temperature, water level and speed of motor etc.