Static error, Static calibration, Error calibration curve, Limiting errors, Relative limiting errors, Types of errors: Gross Errors, Systematic Errors, Random Errors; Propagation of Errors, Static sensitivity, Linearity, Hysteresis, Threshold, Dead Time, Resolution of instrument, loading effects, Introduction to measurement standards, Expression of uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision index.

Introduction, D’Arsonval galvanometer, moving iron and moving coil instruments, Electrodynamometer, Electrostatic Instruments, Induction type energy meter, wattmeter. Determination of B-H curve and Hysteresis loop.

Methods of measurement of low, medium and high resistance, measurement of earth resistance, localization of cable faults by Murray and Varley loop test.

Measurement of inductance and capacitance by A.C. Bridge methods, Q-factor and dissipation factor. Sources of errors in bridge circuits, shielding of bridge elements, Wagner Earthing Device.

Single phase and three phase electrodynamometer type power factor meter. Moving iron power factor meters, types of frequency meter, mechanical resonance type, electrical resonance type, Ratio meter type..

Basic D.C. potentiometer circuit, Modern form of D.C. potentiometer, measurement of voltage, current, Resistance and calibration of voltmeter and ammeter using D.C. potentiometer, volt ratio box, A.C. potentiometers and their applications

Introduction, use of instrument transformers, ratios, basic constructional features of C.T. and P.T., ratio and phase angle errors, reduction of errors.